ANTIBIOTICS Introduction: Antibiotics are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. They may be natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic. Antibiotics can be bactericidal (kill bacteria) or bacteriostatic (inhibit bacterial growth). Classification of Antibiotics: β-lactam antibiotics: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems Tetracyclines:…
ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS Introduction: Anti-infective agents are drugs that destroy microorganisms or inhibit their growth. They are effective against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. These agents may be microbicidal (kill microbes) or microbiostatic (inhibit growth). Classification of Anti-Infective Agents: Antifungal agents:…
ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS Introduction: Analgesics are drugs used to relieve pain, while anti-inflammatory agents reduce inflammation and fever. These drugs are widely used in conditions like headache, arthritis, injury, and infections. Classification of Analgesics: Narcotic (opioid) analgesics Non-narcotic (non-opioid)…
HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS Introduction: Hypoglycemic agents are drugs used to lower elevated blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus. Most of these drugs are taken orally, except insulin and a few injectable agents. Classification of Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas: Glibenclamide, Glimepiride Biguanides: Metformin…
DIURETICS Introduction: Diuretics are drugs that increase urine output by acting on the kidneys. They promote the excretion of water and electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate by reducing tubular reabsorption. Classification of Diuretics: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Acetazolamide Thiazide…
DRUGS ACTING ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Introduction: Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system are used to regulate heart rhythm, control blood pressure, relieve chest pain, and manage heart failure. They act on the heart, blood vessels, or electrical conduction system. Anti-Arrhythmic…
DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Introduction: The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary body functions such as heart rate, respiration, digestion, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. Drugs acting on this system modify these functions by stimulating or blocking nerve…
DRUGS ACTING ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Introduction: The central nervous system controls thinking, movement, emotions, memory, pain sensation, and consciousness. Drugs acting on the CNS either stimulate or depress brain activity and are used in conditions such as mental illness,…
ORGANIC CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE Introduction: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds. Earlier, these compounds were obtained from living sources, but now they include all carbon-based compounds. Carbon shows catenation, allowing formation of long chains and rings. Organic…
INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICALS Introduction to Inorganic Pharmaceuticals: Inorganic pharmaceuticals are medicinal compounds that do not primarily contain carbon. They are used in treatment, diagnosis, and maintenance of normal body functions. They include haematinics, gastrointestinal agents, antacids, cathartics, disinfectants, dental products, and…