22. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Humans are sexually reproducing, unisexual, and viviparous (development of the embryo inside the body of the parent). Both males…
21. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrine system consists of glands secreting hormones essential for maintenance of homeostasis throughout the body. Hormones are chemical…
20. CLEARANCE TESTS AND MICTURITION
MICTURITION Micturition is the process of emptying the urinary bladder. When 300-400 ml of urine has been collected in the urinary…
19. RENIN – ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is essentially required for regulating blood volume and systemic vascular resistance. The combined effect…
18. PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE FORMATION
PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE FORMATION The cells of the body produce nitrogenous wastes which are transported via blood to the kidneys. Here…
17. URINARY SYSTEM – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM The urinary system is formed by organs responsible for converting excess fluid and other substances into urine, its filtration,…
16. SENSE ORGANS
SENSE ORGANS Sense organs have specialised nerve cells which receive stimuli and convert them into appropriate nerve impulses. These nerve impulses…
15. NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system is a highly advanced network of specialised cells called neurons that help in coordinating body functions…
14. SKELETAL MUSCLES
SKELETAL MUSCLES The contractile tissue derived from the mesodermal (middle) layer of germ cells during embryonic development is known as a…
13. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system transfers nutrients from the external environment (in the form of food) to the internal environment (via…