Water and Electrolytes Water and electrolytes are essential for maintaining life. They help regulate body temperature, support organ function, maintain fluid balance and allow biochemical reactions to occur. This note explains the distribution of water, functions, electrolyte balance, dehydration and…
Minerals Minerals are inorganic nutrients required by the human body in small amounts to maintain normal physiological functions. They are essential for growth, bone strength, nerve function, fluid balance, enzyme activity and overall health. Since the body cannot synthesize minerals,…
Metabolism Metabolism is the collection of chemical reactions that keep cells alive. It includes pathways that break down nutrients for energy (catabolism) and pathways that build needed molecules (anabolism). This note explains major metabolic pathways in simple language—no chemical structures—so…
Vitamins Vitamins are essential micronutrients required by the body in small amounts for growth, metabolism, immunity and maintaining good health. They cannot be produced in sufficient amounts by the body and must be obtained from food. These notes explain vitamins…
Enzymes Enzymes are essential biological catalysts that control and speed up chemical reactions inside the body. Every process in the human body—digestion, energy production, detoxification, metabolism—requires enzymes to work efficiently. These notes explain enzymes in simple, clear language suitable for…
Nucleic Acids Understanding nucleic acids is essential for modern pharmacy: genetic diseases, drug targets (e.g., enzymes that copy DNA), vaccines, biotechnology drugs and diagnostic PCR tests all rely on DNA/RNA knowledge. Grasping the basic structures and roles helps link molecular…
Lipids: Definition, Classification, Triglycerides, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Lipoproteins and Functions Lipids are vital components of the human body involved in energy storage, hormone production, membrane structure and nutrient absorption. Understanding triglycerides, fatty acids, cholesterol, lipoproteins and their functions helps pharmacy…
Proteins Introduction: Proteins and amino acids are essential biomolecules required for maintaining life, building tissues, supporting immunity, and enabling biochemical reactions. They play a central role in growth, repair, enzyme activity, hormone production, and regulation of body functions. For pharmacy…
Carbohydrates Introduction: Carbohydrates are essential biomolecules that provide energy, support metabolic activities, and form important structural components of cells. They are a major part of the human diet and are commonly found in foods such as rice, bread, fruits, milk,…
INTRODUCTION TO TABLETS IN PHARMACEUTICS Tablets are the most commonly used solid dosage forms because they are easy to take, safe, affordable, and convenient for patients. A tablet contains a fixed dose of medicine compressed into a small, easy-to-swallow shape.…