CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTS
Introduction:
- Collection of blood, urine, or tissue samples
- Analysis using laboratory equipment
- Interpretation for disease diagnosis
Types of Clinical Laboratory Tests:
- Haematological Tests
- Liver Function Tests (LFT)
- Renal Function Tests (RFT)
- Thyroid Function Tests
- Cardiac Tests
- Pulmonary Function Tests
Haematological Tests:
- Hemoglobin: Male 14–18 g/dL, Female 12–16 g/dL (↓ Anaemia, ↑ Polycythaemia)
- RBC Count: Male 4.5–5.5 million/mm³, Female 3.5–5.5 million/mm³
- Hematocrit: Male 40–50%, Female 37–47%
- Reticulocyte Count: 0.5–1.5%
- WBC Count: 6000–10000/mm³
- ESR: Male ≤15 mm/hr, Female ≤20 mm/hr
- Platelets: 150–400 × 10⁹/L
- Blood Sugar: 80–120 mg/dL
- Prothrombin Time: 12–15 sec
Differential Leukocyte Count:
| Cell Type | Normal % | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Neutrophils | 60–70% | Bacterial infection |
| Eosinophils | 1–4% | Allergy, parasites |
| Lymphocytes | 20–30% | Viral infection |
Liver Function Tests (LFT):
- Bilirubin: 0.3–1.3 mg/dL (↑ Jaundice)
- Serum Proteins: 6–8 g/dL
- ALP: 29–92 IU/L
- SGOT/SGPT: ↑ Liver damage
- Lipid Profile: Cholesterol <200 mg/dL
Renal Function Tests (RFT):
- Urine Analysis: Physical and chemical examination
- BUN: 10–12 mg/dL
- Creatinine: 1–2 mg/dL
- Creatinine Clearance: 90–139 mL/min
Thyroid Function Tests:
- TSH: 0.4–4.0 mU/L
- T3: 100–200 ng/dL
- T4: 5–11 µg/dL
Cardiac Tests:
- Pulse Rate: 70–80/min
- CPK: 10–120 mcg/L
- Troponin: Indicates myocardial infarction
Pulmonary Function Tests:
- Spirometry
- Lung capacity
- Vital capacity
- FEV and FVC
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance:
- Total body water: 60%
- Intracellular: 40%
- Extracellular: 20%
Electrolytes: Maintain fluid balance and support nerve and muscle function.
Disorders:
- Dehydration: Dry skin, low BP → treated with ORS and IV fluids
- Fluid Volume Excess: Edema, weight gain → treated with diuretics
- Water Intoxication: Confusion, seizures → fluid restriction
Dr. Saint Paul is a pharmacy educator, Pharm.D graduate, and academic content creator from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada (JNTUK), where he completed his Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D) degree between 2015 and 2021.
He has more than 7 years of experience creating pharmacy educational content, writing study materials, and reviewing academic articles for pharmacy students. He has also contributed guest articles to pharmacy education platforms, including PharmD Guru.
At D.PharmGuru, his work focuses on simplifying complex Diploma in Pharmacy (D.Pharmacy) subjects into easy-to-understand notes, practical explanations, and exam-oriented educational resources for students across India.
His areas of focus include Human Anatomy and Physiology, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, and other core D.Pharmacy subjects.
