Pathology of blood and urine helps in diagnosing a wide range of diseases. Blood contains different types of cells with specific…

Organ function tests are essential diagnostic tools used to assess how well major organs like the kidney and liver are working.…

Biotechnology is one of the most rapidly growing fields in modern science. It combines biology with technology to develop products and…

Water and electrolytes are essential for maintaining life. They help regulate body temperature, support organ function, maintain fluid balance and allow…

Minerals are inorganic nutrients required by the human body in small amounts to maintain normal physiological functions. They are essential for…

Metabolism is the collection of chemical reactions that keep cells alive. It includes pathways that break down nutrients for energy (catabolism)…

Vitamins are essential micronutrients required by the body in small amounts for growth, metabolism, immunity and maintaining good health. They cannot…

Enzymes are essential biological catalysts that control and speed up chemical reactions inside the body. Every process in the human body—digestion,…

Understanding nucleic acids is essential for modern pharmacy: genetic diseases, drug targets (e.g., enzymes that copy DNA), vaccines, biotechnology drugs and…

Lipids are vital components of the human body involved in energy storage, hormone production, membrane structure and nutrient absorption. Understanding triglycerides,…